Prepared 28 August 2026 · Based on desk research of DOF publications, law-firm analyses and trade press (see the Sources section) · Verify against primary sources before investment decisions
Executive Summary
Mexico is transitioning from a market with virtually no utility-scale storage to one of Latin America’s most promising BESS destinations. Three forces converge: (1) the 2025 energy-sector reform under President Sheinbaum (Ley del Sector Eléctrico, DOF 18 Mar 2025; Reglamento, DOF 3 Oct 2025) which re-established CFE’s dominant role (≥54% “prevalencia”) but explicitly recognised storage as a regulated activity and requires intermittent private plants to have their own backup; (2) the National Electricity System’s (SEN) acute reliability stress—operating reserve margin (minimum 6%) falling to ~3% during evening peaks in the May 2025 heat wave, with CENACE declaring emergency operating states; and (3) solar PV curtailment and congestion in the north (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila) and Baja California, which create a clear arbitrage and ancillary-services case.
| Key figure | |
|---|---|
| 5,551 MW | PLADESE 2025–2039 storage target by 2030: 2,480 MW CFE + 3,071 MW private (DOF 17 Oct 2025) |
| 1,850 MW | BESS awarded in CFE’s first mixed-investment tender (June 2026) alongside 7,411 MW of solar/wind — the first industrial-scale BESS wave in Mexico |
| 935 MW | Stand-alone 3-hour BESS tender launched by CFE, May 2026 |
| 54,300 MW | Record SIN peak demand, 25 Jul 2026 (+2.2% y/y); operating reserve fell to ~3% vs 6% minimum in 2025 |
Bottom line: Demand-side fundamentals are strong and the legal basis now exists. The binding constraints are (a) CENACE interconnection queue and study timelines, (b) the new licensing regime under the Ley del Sector Eléctrico (LSE, 2025), (c) product certification (NOM / CRE grid code / UL-IEC alignment) and (d) an evolving—but not yet mandatory—local-content expectation tied to the Plan México industrial strategy, the 5–50% tariffs on non-FTA (Chinese) imports in force since 1 Jan 2026, and the USMCA joint review that opened 1 Jul 2026.
Market Potential
System context
- Peak demand: SIN peak 53,702 MW in 2025 and a record 54,300 MW on 25 Jul 2026; industrial connection requests have jumped from the historical 10–20 MW to 200–300 MW per project, driven by data centers and nearshoring (Nuevo León, Querétaro, Bajío).
- Installed capacity ~90 GW nominal, of which ~12 GW solar PV and ~8 GW wind; effective capacity lower due to aging thermal fleet and gas-supply dependence on US pipelines.
- Reliability: CENACE declared operating emergencies in the May 2024 and May 2025 heat waves (reserve down to ~3% vs the 6% regulatory minimum; CENACE stopped publishing reserve reports in 2025 citing national security). PLADESE 2025–2039 plans ~33.6 GW of new capacity in 2025–2030 and a further ~47 GW in 2031–2039, with 5,551 MW of BESS by 2030 and ~8.4 GW of storage additions by 2038.
- Curtailment/congestion: solar reached ~12 GW / 7.6% of generation in 2024; CENACE curtails wind/solar in the north-west and south-east due to transmission bottlenecks (no official GWh figure is published). Analysts estimate ≥4.5 GW of BESS is needed by 2036 to avoid material curtailment. Nodal prices (PML) ranged from −414 MXN/MWh (Obregón) to 3,370 MXN/MWh (Riviera Maya) in a single November 2025 week — a strong arbitrage signal for 2–4 h storage.
Demand segments
| Segment | Driver | 2030 potential (indicative) | Revenue model |
|---|---|---|---|
| CFE own-build & mixed-investment (CFE ≥54%) | Puerto Peñasco (Sonora): 420 MW PV operating, Phase III awarded Dec 2025 (300 MW PV + 103 MW/3 h BESS, ~US$294 m), full build-out 1 GW PV + ~250 MW BESS by 2028. Mixed tender (launched 6 Feb 2026; 394 firms / 38 GW offered): 7,411 MW PV+wind and 1,850 MW BESS awarded June 2026 to 31 developers (~US$7.4 bn, COD 2028–29). Stand-alone 935 MW / 3 h BESS tender launched May 2026. Cubico–CFE JV (Jul 2026): 578 MW + 175.7 MW/500 MWh BESS. | 2.5–3.5 GW (2,480 MW PLADESE) | JV equity with CFE; EPC/supply contracts; capacity-type payments |
| Private hybrid plants (PV/wind + BESS) | LSE requires intermittent plants to have “respaldo propio” (own storage or contracted backup), sized by CENACE’s project-specific variability analysis; ~3.3 GW of renewables permitted in Dec 2025 all co-located with BESS (e.g. La Alegría 694 MW + 178 MW BESS). Since the CNE DACG of 16 Apr 2026, co-located storage (SAEE-CE) may only pair with renewable plants. | 3 GW+ (3,071 MW PLADESE) | Capacity + energy in MEM; PPAs with large users |
| Self-supply / C&I behind-the-meter | Nearshoring industrial parks; new “autoconsumo” rules (generation ≤0.7 MW exempt from permit; larger under simplified regime); demand-charge reduction (GDMTH tariff) | 1–1.5 GW | Peak shaving, backup, PV self-consumption |
| Ancillary services / grid support | CRE storage rules (2020 DACG) allow storage as stand-alone asset; CENACE frequency and reserve markets; Baja California islanded grid | 0.5–1 GW | Regulation/reserve payments, arbitrage in MEM |
| Distribution & microgrids | CFE Distribución reliability projects; remote / island communities | <0.5 GW | Public procurement |
Economics
- Average day-ahead price was ~609 MXN/MWh (~US$33) in mid-Nov 2025 but intra-week hourly PML ranges exceeded 12,000 MXN/MWh in some zones, with negative prices in Sonora; industrial GDMTH peak tariffs exceed US$150/MWh, supporting 4–6 year paybacks for C&I storage. A full-year spread analysis requires a CENACE MEM data pull.
- LFP system prices delivered to Mexico: ~US$180–250/kWh (DC block) in 2026, plus 25–40% for BOS, EPC, and interconnection.
- Tariff uncertainty: the decree of DOF 29 Dec 2025 raised MFN duties on 1,463 tariff lines from non-FTA countries (China, India, Korea, Brazil…) to 5–50% from 1 Jan 2026; non-EV lithium-ion batteries are reported at ~25% (fraction-level rate for 8507.60 not confirmed). This is the single most material cost variable (see §7).
Policy & Regulatory Framework
Legal hierarchy (post-2024 reform)
| Instrument | Status | Relevance to storage |
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional reform (Arts. 25, 27, 28) — Oct 2024 | In force | Re-classifies CFE as a “public State enterprise”; grants CFE “prevalence” in dispatch (target ≥54% of generation); private participation permitted but subordinate. |
| Ley del Sector Eléctrico (LSE) — DOF 18 Mar 2025 (in force 19 Mar), replaces the 2014 LIE; Reglamento DOF 3 Oct 2025 | In force | Storage recognized as a distinct activity; four private modalities: self-consumption, mixed investment with CFE (CFE ≥54%), long-term production with CFE offtake, and merchant generation. Binding-plan approach: projects must align with SENER’s Planning (PLADESE). |
| Ley de Planeación y Transición Energética (2025) | In force | Sets 35% clean-energy target and storage as planning tool; SENER issues binding sector plan. |
| New regulator: Comisión Nacional de Energía (CNE) replaces CRE and CNH | Created 19 Mar 2025; functionally operating from ~May 2025 | Issues permits, grid codes and storage DACGs. CNE DACG on generation & storage permits: DOF 23 Oct 2025. |
| Storage DACG: CRE Acuerdo A/113/2024 (DOF 7 Mar 2025) → superseded by CNE DACG for SAEE (DOF 16 Apr 2026, in force 17 Apr 2026); SAEE filing formats DOF 22 May 2026 | In force | Defines modalities: co-located with a plant (SAEE-CE — since Apr 2026 only with renewable plants), stand-alone grid-connected, and load-side. Sets permit, metering, market registration and interconnection-contract rules; CNE model interconnection contracts (Mar 2026) explicitly cover BESS. |
| Código de Red (Grid Code) 2016, rev. 2023 (CRE RES/550/2021 & subsequent) | In force | Technical compliance requirements for interconnection: voltage/frequency ride-through, reactive power, controls, protection, power quality; storage treated as generation for compliance. |
| PLADESE 2025–2039 (binding sector plan, DOF 17 Oct 2025) / PRODESEN | In force; updated annually | Targets ~25 GW solar, ~15 GW wind and 5,551 MW BESS by 2030 (2,480 MW CFE / 3,071 MW private); 8.4 GW storage by 2038. Private projects must align with the plan to obtain permits. |
| SENER Social Impact framework for storage (DOF Feb 2026) | In force | MWh-tiered EVIS formats (A/B/C); projects >250 MWh need full social management plan and prior consultation near indigenous/Afro-Mexican communities. |
Key policy features affecting storage
- Storage/backup requirement for new renewables: The LSE and Reglamento require intermittent plants to have respaldo propio (own storage or contracted firm backup); CENACE determines the minimum storage per project through a “variability analysis” in the interconnection study. The widely-quoted “≥30% of nameplate for ≥3 hours” figure appears in trade press and CFE tender practice (all 2026 tenders are 3-hour) but is not written into the statute — treat it as a planning assumption and confirm the applicable DACG/CENACE criteria at permit stage.
- Self-consumption liberalization: Plants below 0.7 MW need no generation permit (up from 0.5 MW); 0.7–20 MW use a simplified permit; surplus must first be offered to CFE.
- CFE mixed-investment scheme: Private capital can partner with CFE (CFE ≥54% / private ≤46%). CFE’s Plan de Fortalecimiento y Expansión 2025–2030 (Feb 2025) budgets ~US$22.4 bn for 22.7 GW of new generation (13.0 GW CFE, 2.4 GW Pemex synergy, ≥6.4 GW private clean); the first mixed tender (Feb–Jun 2026) awarded 1,850 MW of BESS, and a second ~6.6 GW round is reported.
- Clean Energy Certificates (CELs): Still exist; storage alone does not earn CELs, but hybrids do; policy relevance reduced under new regime.
- Market (MEM): CENACE operates day-ahead and real-time markets; storage can register as generator and/or controllable demand; ancillary-service market products (secondary regulation reserves) are limited but expanding.
The framework is still settling: the Reglamento (Oct 2025), CNE permit DACG (Oct 2025), CNE storage DACG (Apr 2026) and SAEE formats (May 2026) were all issued within the last year, and CENACE market-rule updates for storage ancillary services are pending. Confirm every threshold against the latest DOF text.
Interconnection & Permitting Process
| Step | Authority | Typical timing | Key requirements |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Site & land rights, social impact assessment (EVIS) | SENER | 3–6 months | Mandatory; since Feb 2026 BESS uses MWh-tiered formats (A/B/C); >250 MWh requires social management plan and prior consultation near indigenous/Afro-Mexican communities |
| 2. Environmental impact (MIA) | SEMARNAT | 4–9 months | Federal MIA for generation > certain thresholds; state permits for BESS-only may suffice; BESS fire safety plan increasingly requested |
| 3. Interconnection study request (Solicitud de Estudios de Interconexión) | CENACE | Indicative study 1–2 months; impact + facilities studies 6–12 months | Storage modeled per CENACE’s “Manual de Interconexión”; hybrid plants file combined; queue prioritized per PLADESE alignment |
| 4. Generation / storage permit | CNE | 3–6 months after interconnection study | Required for ≥0.7 MW (0.7–20 MW simplified regime); permit specifies modality per CNE DACG of 23 Oct 2025; storage permits per SAEE DACG of 16 Apr 2026 |
| 5. Interconnection contract & Grid Code compliance | CFE Transmisión / CENACE | Concurrent with construction | Certified Grid Code test reports (see §6); commissioning tests witnessed by CENACE |
| 6. Market registration (Participante del Mercado) | CENACE | 2–3 months | Financial guarantees; metering per Manual de Medición |
| 7. Commercial operation | CENACE | — | Operational tests, capacity accreditation for Balance de Potencia |
Localization Requirements
Mexico has no statutory local-content mandate for BESS equipment today. However, several de facto and emerging requirements shape a localization strategy:
Mandatory / near-mandatory
- Legal entity: Permit holders must be Mexican-incorporated entities (S.A. de C.V. / S. de R.L. de C.V.) with RFC tax registration; foreign ownership of generation/storage companies is permitted (no cap under Foreign Investment Law), except transmission/distribution which is State-reserved.
- Spanish-language documentation: All permit filings, Grid Code compliance reports, O&M manuals for CFE/CENACE, product labels and safety warnings (NOM-024, NOM-050 labeling) must be in Spanish. Technical test reports may be in English but require an official Spanish translation (perito traductor) for regulatory filings.
- Locally-licensed responsible engineer: Electrical installations require a Unidad de Verificación de Instalaciones Eléctricas (UVIE) certificate under NOM-001-SEDE for grid-connected works, signed by a Mexican-accredited verification unit.
- Grid Code compliance: Must be demonstrated using Mexican test protocols (CENACE-recognized) and verified by an accredited third party (see §6).
- Import compliance: Importer of record must be registered in the Padrón de Importadores (and the Sectoral Padrón for certain electrical/chemical goods); NOM certificates must be presented at customs (NOM-EM/NOM-024, NOM-001-SCFI for electrical equipment) unless exempted for industrial use.
- Labor & social: LSE and EVIS expect local hiring, community benefit agreements; the 2021 outsourcing reform (REPSE registration) restricts subcontracting of specialized services—EPC and O&M contractors must be REPSE-registered.
Preferential / emerging (Plan México & CFE procurement)
- CFE tenders: CFE’s priority-project procurement rules (2021) set 12% minimum / 25% desirable national content, used as a tie-breaker; federal procurement law (LAASSP/LOPSRM) gives price preferences to goods classified as national. Whether thresholds are being raised for BESS under Plan México is not yet confirmed.
- Plan México (2025): Targets higher domestic content in strategic industries and lists batteries/energy storage as priority. The fiscal-stimulus decree (DOF 21 Jan 2025) allows immediate deduction of 41–91% of new fixed assets acquired 2025–2026 (35–89% for 2027–Sep 2030), plus a 25% extra deduction on incremental training/innovation spend; budget capped at MXN 30 bn through 2030; sector- and nationality-neutral.
- USMCA/T-MEC joint review (opened 1 Jul 2026): The US declined an immediate 16-year extension, so the treaty moves to annual reviews (Art. 34.7); energy and strategic minerals are central topics and Chinese-origin content is under scrutiny. Enclosure/BOS integration in Mexico may not confer origin; structuring for regional value content (≥60–75% depending on method) is prudent for products destined for CFE or re-export.
- Lithium: Lithium is nationalized (LitioMx, 2022; Ganfeng disputing cancelled concessions). LitioMx’s 2026–2030 programme proposes a pre-industrial battery plant by 2030 — no near-term effect on imported cells.
Practical localization roadmap
| Phase | Scope | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 (0–12 months) | Mexican subsidiary, RFC, Padrón de Importadores, REPSE; bonded warehouse (IMMEX/PROSEC) in Monterrey or Querétaro; Spanish-language technical dossier; local service partner | Minimum to bid and import |
| Phase 2 (12–24 months) | Container integration / final assembly and testing line under IMMEX; local EMS/SCADA integration; NOM-certified enclosures; Grid Code compliance test bench | CFE preference points; tariff optimization; faster warranty service |
| Phase 3 (24–48 months) | Module/pack assembly, local BOS sourcing (transformers, PCS partners such as local cabinet makers), R&D credits | USMCA origin; Plan México incentives; potential export to US |
Certification & Technical Compliance Requirements
Product safety & conformity (NOM regime)
| Requirement | Applies to | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| NOM-001-SEDE-2012 (Electrical Installations) | All installations | Mexico’s electrical code (based on NEC/NFPA 70); applies to BESS design, sizing and installation. No BESS-specific article has yet been published in the DOF (NEC Art. 706 is used as reference). UVIE verification mandatory for grid connection. |
| NOM-003-SCFI-2014 (Electrical product safety) | Electrical products sold in Mexico | Mandatory certification for many electrical products; utility-scale BESS components often fall under industrial-use exemptions but PCS, cabinets and UPS-type systems may require it. Certified by accredited bodies (ANCE, NYCE, UL de México, Intertek, TÜV Rheinland México). |
| NOM-019-SCFI / NOM-024-SCFI (labeling; electronic info) | Products entering commerce | Spanish labels: manufacturer, importer, electrical ratings, warnings. |
| NOM-002-STPS, NOM-022-STPS, NOM-029-STPS | Workplace fire prevention, static electricity, electrical maintenance | Applied to construction & O&M by STPS labor inspections. |
| Fire safety | BESS enclosures | No BESS fire NOM in force. A dedicated standard — ANTEPROYECTO-NOM-XXX-SE-2026 “Sistemas de almacenamiento de energía electroquímica estacionarios – Requisitos de seguridad” — is in draft (Secretaría de Economía); expect it to draw on UL 9540/NFPA 855. Today, Protección Civil, SEMARNAT, insurers and lenders request UL 9540 listing, UL 9540A thermal-runaway data and NFPA 855-compliant design; UL Solutions and Intertek test locally. |
| Cell / module / pack | Batteries | UL 1973 (stationary batteries), IEC 62619, IEC 62620; UN 38.3 for transport; CE/IEC accepted for technical evaluation but UL is preferred by insurers and CFE. |
| PCS / inverters | Power conversion | UL 1741 SA/SB or IEC 62109-1/-2 plus IEEE 1547-2018 functions; Grid Code testing per CENACE protocols (see 6.2). |
| EMC | Electronics | IEC 61000-6-2/-4; no Mexican mandatory EMC NOM for industrial equipment but evidence expected. |
| Hazardous materials & waste | Lithium batteries | LGPGIR: spent lithium batteries are classified hazardous waste; owner must have a management plan (Plan de Manejo) registered with SEMARNAT and use authorized handlers; transport per NOM-002-SCT. Extended-producer-responsibility rules for batteries are under discussion. |
Grid Code (Código de Red) compliance
- Grid Code compliance is mandatory for loads >1 MW and interconnections at ≥69 kV; storage-specific requirements sit in the CNE SAEE DACG (Apr 2026) rather than the Grid Code itself. Assets must meet the Grid Code “Manual Regulatorio de Requerimientos Técnicos para la Interconexión de Centrales Eléctricas y Conexión de Centros de Carga” requirements: LVRT/HVRT curves, frequency range 57.5–62 Hz operation, primary frequency response (droop ≤ 5%), reactive power ±0.95 pf at POI, voltage regulation, harmonics per IEEE 519, and telemetry/AGC to CENACE.
- Non-injecting (behind-the-meter) storage must prove via protection settings that it cannot export; storage selling into the MEM faces fuller CENACE studies, with inverter-communication and ramp-rate requirements tightened in 2025.
- Compliance is demonstrated via (a) certified type-test reports for PCS (from accredited labs—ILAC-recognized foreign labs accepted), (b) dynamic simulation models (PSS/E, PSCAD) submitted to CENACE, and (c) on-site commissioning tests witnessed by CENACE/CFE. Third-party Unidad de Verificación de Código de Red (accredited by EMA) sign-off is required.
- Cybersecurity: CENACE requires compliance with its ICS security guidelines (aligned with NERC CIP concepts) for SCADA/AGC links; remote access by foreign OEMs must be documented and controlled.
- Metering: Manual de Medición para el MEM—revenue meters must be CENACE-approved models, with separate charge/discharge metering for storage.
Conformity assessment bodies
| Body | Role |
|---|---|
| EMA (Entidad Mexicana de Acreditación) | Accredits labs, certification bodies, verification units |
| ANCE, NYCE, UL Solutions México, Intertek México, TÜV Rheinland/SÜD México, Bureau Veritas | NOM certification, factory inspection, UL/IEC testing |
| UVIE (accredited electrical verification units) | NOM-001-SEDE installation compliance certificate |
| Unidades de Verificación de Código de Red | Grid Code compliance certification |
| CENACE | Interconnection studies, model validation, commissioning |
Recommendation: Bring a complete UL 9540 / 9540A / 1973 / 1741-SB package with Spanish translations, an IEEE 1547/IEC 62109 test report, validated PSCAD/PSS-E models, and a pre-agreed Grid Code test plan. Projects without UL 9540A data have faced insurance and CFE acceptance delays of 6+ months.
Tax, Trade & Incentives
- Import duties: The decree published DOF 29 Dec 2025 (effective 1 Jan 2026) raised MFN duties on 1,463 tariff lines to 5–50% for imports from non-FTA countries (China, India, South Korea, Brazil, Russia…). Non-EV lithium-ion batteries (HS 8507.60) are reported at ~25%; the rate for static converters/PCS (HS 8504.40) was not confirmed. Verify at fraction level on SNICE and evaluate PROSEC/IMMEX/Regla 8ª relief and FTA origins (Korea has no FTA; EU/Japan do).
- VAT (IVA) 16% at import; recoverable for registered taxpayers; IMMEX allows deferral.
- Accelerated depreciation: Plan México decree (DOF 21 Jan 2025, through 30 Sep 2030) — immediate deduction of 41–91% (2025–26) / 35–89% (2027–30) of new fixed assets; separately, LISR Art. 34-XIII allows 100% deduction of renewable-generation equipment (storage associated with a renewable plant generally qualifies — confirm by ruling).
- State incentives: Nuevo León, Sonora, Querétaro, Coahuila offer payroll-tax (ISN) abatements and land in industrial parks for manufacturing investment.
- Export considerations: US Section 301 (Chinese origin cells) and FEOC rules (IRA) affect products assembled in Mexico with Chinese cells destined for the US; Mexico assembly does not cure FEOC status.
Risks & Mitigations
| Risk | Severity | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory transition (LSE secondary rules, CNE learning curve) | High | Early engagement with CNE/SENER; structure under self-consumption or CFE-mixed schemes with clearer paths |
| CFE dispatch prevalence reduces merchant revenue | High | Prioritize contracted revenue (CFE, C&I PPAs); hybridize with PV |
| Interconnection queue delays | High | Target PLADESE priority zones; use existing plant POIs (co-location) |
| Trade tariffs / USMCA review outcome | High | Multi-origin sourcing; Mexican integration under IMMEX; tariff-adjustment clauses in contracts |
| Fire-safety & insurance acceptance | Medium | UL 9540A, NFPA 855 design, local Protección Civil pre-approval |
| Security & land (cartel presence, ejido land) | Medium | Industrial-park siting; thorough title diligence; EVIS |
| FX / MXN volatility and CFE payment terms | Medium | USD-indexed contracts; ECA/DFI financing (BANCOMEXT, IDB Invest, IFC) |
| End-of-life battery liability | Low–Medium | SEMARNAT-registered management plan; recycling partner |
Recommended Market-Entry Strategy
- Near-term (2026): Establish Mexican entity and compliance dossier; partner with a local EPC with CFE track record; pursue C&I behind-the-meter projects in Nuevo León/Bajío and hybrid retrofits of existing private PV plants (fast interconnection via existing POI).
- Mid-term (2027–2028): Supply the 1,850 MW of awarded mixed-scheme BESS (COD 2028–29) and the 935 MW stand-alone tender as OEM/EPC partner to the 31 winning developers; bid the second mixed round; establish IMMEX integration facility for containers (Monterrey/Saltillo) to earn local-content preference and manage tariffs.
- Long-term (2029+): Stand-alone merchant/ancillary-service assets in Baja California and Noroeste once CENACE ancillary-service products mature; explore pack assembly for USMCA-origin qualification.
Key contacts / sources to monitor
- SENER — PRODESEN / PLADESE, EVIS: gob.mx/sener
- CNE (formerly CRE) — permits, DACGs: gob.mx/cne
- CENACE — interconnection manuals, market rules: cenace.gob.mx
- CFE — tenders (CompraNet/CFE portal): cfe.mx
- DOF — official publications: dof.gob.mx
- Secretaría de Economía — NOMs, tariffs, Plan México: economia.gob.mx; SNICE for tariff lookup
- Asociación Mexicana de Almacenamiento de Energía (AMAE) and AMDEE/ASOLMEX for industry data
Sources & Verification Status
Research conducted 28 Aug 2026 via web search. Primary documents (DOF PDFs) were located but mostly read through law-firm summaries. Items marked ⚠ could not be confirmed against primary text.
- LSE original text (DOF 18 Mar 2025): diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/ref/lse/LSE_orig_18mar25.pdf; Reglamento (DOF 3 Oct 2025): hklaw.com; Norton Rose Fulbright, Garrigues, Forbes México analyses.
- PLADESE 2025–2039 (DOF 17 Oct 2025): gtlaw.com (Nov 2025), mijares.mx; IMCO sector review 2025.
- Storage DACGs: CRE A/113/2024 (DOF 7 Mar 2025) and CNE SAEE DACG (DOF 16 Apr 2026) — cenace.gob.mx/Docs/16_MARCOREGULATORIO; summaries by Greenberg Traurig (May 2026), DLA Piper, Bloomberg Línea. CNE permits DACG (DOF 23 Oct 2025): energiaestrategica.com.
- CFE mixed tender award (Jun 2026): pv-magazine-latam.com (10 Jun 2026), alzavoz.com; stand-alone 935 MW tender: enerdata.net; Cubico–CFE JV: ess-news.com (23 Jul 2026), cubicoinvest.com; Puerto Peñasco Phase III: elimparcial.com (22 Dec 2025), energymagazine.mx; CFE 2025–2030 plan: basham.com.mx, lexology.com.
- Social-impact framework for BESS: ess-news.com (24 Feb 2026).
- Demand & reserves: elfinanciero.com.mx (25 Jul 2026; 21 May 2025), vanguardia.com.mx; curtailment: clusterindustrial.com.mx, elfinanciero.com.mx (24 Oct 2025); PML data: airegulasolutions.com (Nov 2025).
- Tax decree (DOF 21 Jan 2025): dof.gob.mx código 5747410; gtlaw.com. Tariff decree (DOF 29 Dec 2025): informador.mx; Dallas Fed trade note 2025 ⚠ (battery rate).
- USMCA review: unotv.com, onexpo.com.mx. CFE national content: forbes.com.mx (2021 rules) ⚠ whether updated.
- Standards: DOF NOM-003-SCFI-2014 (código 5394047); AMRACI on ANTEPROYECTO-NOM-XXX-SE-2026; ul.com, intertek.com.mx; risoul.com.mx and grupoindustronic.com ⚠ on Grid Code/BESS practice.
Open items: statutory basis of the “30%/3 h” rule; fraction-level tariffs for HS 8507.60 / 8504.40; measurement method of CFE’s 54% prevalence; official curtailment volumes; full-year PML spreads; reconciliation of CFE storage budget figures (US$2.3 bn / 2,216 MW for 2027–30 appears in trade press but is untraced).
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